2008-2009 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

LINGUIST 1. Introduction to Linguistics
The cognitive organization of linguistic structure and the social nature of language use. Why language learning is difficult. Why computers have trouble understanding human languages. How languages differ from one another. How and why speakers of the same language speak differently. How language is used strategically. GER:DB-SocSci
4 units, Aut (Eckert, P; Sag, I), Spr (Pereltsvaig, A)

LINGUIST 5N. What's Your Accent? Investigations in Acoustic Phonetics
Stanford Introductory Seminar. Preference to freshmen.
Phonetic variation across accents of English; experimental design; practical experience examining accents of seminar participants; acoustic analysis of speech using Praat. GER:DB-SocSci
3 units, Aut (Sumner, M)

LINGUIST 62N. The Language of Food
Stanford Introductory Seminar. Preference to freshmen.
The relationship between food and language around the globe. The vocabulary of food and prepared dishes, and crosslinguistic similarities and differences, historical origins, forms and meanings, and relationship to cultural and social variables. The structure of cuisines viewed as meta-languages with their own vocabularies and grammatical structure. The language of menus; their historical development and crosslinguistic differences.
3 units, Aut (Jurafsky, D)

LINGUIST 63N. Translation
Stanford Introductory Seminar. Preference to freshmen.
What is a translation? The increased need for translations in the modern world due to factors such as tourism and terrorism, localization and globalization, diplomacy and treaties, law and religion, and literature and science. How to meet this need; different kinds of translation for different purposes; what makes one translation better than another; why some texts are more difficult to translate than others. Can some of this work be done by machines? Are there things that cannot be said in some languages? GER:DB-SocSci
3 units, Aut (Kay, M)

LINGUIST 65/265. African American Vernacular English
(Graduate students register for 265.)
The English vernacular spoken by African Americans in big city settings, and its relation to Creole English dialects spoken on the S. Carolina Sea Islands (Gullah), in the Caribbean, and in W. Africa. The history of expressive uses of African American English (in soundin' and rappin'), and its educational implications. GER:DB-SocSci, EC-AmerCul
3-5 units, Spr (Rickford, J)

LINGUIST 90. Teaching Spoken English
Practical approach to teaching English to non-native speakers. Teaching principles and the features of English which present difficulties. Preparation of lessons, practice teaching in class, and tutoring of non-native speaker.
3-4 units, Spr (Streichler, S)

LINGUIST 105/205A. Phonetics
(Graduate students register for 205A.)
The study of speech sounds: how to produce them, how to perceive them, and their acoustic properties. The influence of production and perception systems on sound change and phonological patterns. Acoustic analysis and experimental techniques. Lab exercises.
Prerequisite: 110 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. GER:DB-SocSci
4 units, Spr (Sumner, M)

LINGUIST 110. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Differences in the sounds of the world's languages and how these sounds are made by the human vocal tract. Theories that account for cross-linguistic similarities in the face of differences. GER:DBSocSci
4 units, Win (Sumner, M)

LINGUIST 120. Introduction to Syntax
Grammatical constructions, primarily English, and their consequences for a general theory of language. Practical experience in forming and testing linguistic hypotheses, reading, and constructing rules. GER:DB-SocSci
4 units, Aut (Wasow, T)

LINGUIST 130A. Introduction to Linguistic Meaning
Linguistic meaning and its role in communication. How diagnostic tests can be used to categorize and separate semantic phenomena such as ambiguity and vagueness, entailment, and presupposition. How basic set theory and logic can be used to specify meanings and explain semantic phenomena. Pragmatic complications involving the assumptions and intentions of language users. Those who have not taken logic, such as PHIL 150 or 151, should also enroll in 130C. Pre- or corequisite: 120, or consent of instructor. GER:DB-SocSci
4 units, Spr (Sauerland, U)

LINGUIST 130C. Logic Laboratory
Typically taken in conjunction with 130A/230A.
1 unit, Spr (Sauerland, U)

LINGUIST 133/233. Introduction to Formal Pragmatics
(Graduate students register for 233.)
Mechanism underlying language use and felicity intuitions. Formal models of discourse that incorporate many aspects of pragmatics such as presuppositions, speech acts, implicatures, relevance, optimality, and utility. Discussion of common ground, illocutionary acts, Gricean maxims and Neo-Gricean analysis, game and decision theory.
3-4 units, Aut (Sauerland, U)

LINGUIST 140/240. Language Acquisition I
(Graduate students register for 240.)
Processes of language acquisition inearly childhood; stages in development; theoretical issues and research questions. Practical experience in data collection. GER:DB-SocSci
4 units, Aut (Clark, E)

LINGUIST 144. Introduction to Cognitive and Information Sciences
(Same as PHIL 190, PSYCH 132, SYMBSYS 100.)
The history, foundations, and accomplishments of the cognitive sciences, including presentations by leading Stanford researchers in artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. Overview of the issues addressed in the Symbolic Systems major. GER:DBSocSci
4 units, Spr (Wasow, T; Roberts, E; McClelland, J)

LINGUIST 150. Language in Society
How language and society affect each other. Class, age, ethnic, and gender differences in speech. Prestige and stigma associated with different ways of speaking and the politics of language. The strategic use of language. Stylistic practice; how speakers use language to construct styles and adapt their language to different audiences and social contexts. GER:DB-SocSci, WIM
4 units, Win (Hall-Lew, L)

LINGUIST 156. Language and Gender
The role of language in the construction of gender, the maintenance of the gender order, and social change. Field projects explore hypotheses about the interaction of language and gender. No knowledge of linguistics required. GER:DB-SocSci, ECGender
4 units, Spr (Eckert, P)

LINGUIST 160. Introduction to Language Change
(Same as ANTHRO 120.)
Principles of historical linguistics:, the nature of language change. Kinds and causes of change, variation and diffusion of changes through populations, differentiation of dialects and languages, determination and classification of historical relationships among languages, rates of change, the reconstruction of ancestral languages and intermediate changes, parallels with cultural and genetic evolutionary theory, and implications of variation and change for the description and explanation of language in general.
Prerequisite: introductory course in linguistics or evolutionary theory. GER:DB-SocSci
4-5 units, Aut (Fox, J)

LINGUIST 167. Languages of the World
The diversity of human languages, their sound systems, vocabularies, and grammars. Tracing historical relationships between languages and language families. Parallels with genetic evolutionary theory. Language policy, endangered languages and heritage languages. Classification of sign languages. GER:DBSocSci
3-4 units, Win (Pereltsvaig, A)

LINGUIST 170. The Arabic Language and Culture
Arabic language from historical, social, strategic, and linguistic perspectives. History of the Arabic language and the stability of classical Arabic over the last 15 centuries. Why the functionality of classical Arabic has not changed as Latin, Old English, and Middle English have. Social aspects of the Arabic language, Ferguson's notion of diglossia. The main varieties of Arabic, differences among them, and when and where they are spoken. Role of Arabic and culture in current world politics, culture, and economy. Linguistic properties of Arabic such as root-based morphology, lexical ambiguity, and syntactic structure relating it to current linguistic theories.
3 units, Spr (Farghaly, A; Barhoum, K)

LINGUIST 173/273. The Structure of Russian
(Graduate students register for 273.)
A synchronic overview of contemporary standard Russian, including its sound system, word formation and grammatical structure. Emphasis is on problems presented by Russian for current linguistic theory. The acquisition of Russian as a first language.
2-4 units, Aut (Pereltsvaig, A)

LINGUIST 174/274A. Field Methods I
(Graduate students register for 274A. Same as ANTHRO 71.)
Hands-on. The methods by which linguists gather raw linguistic data about a language and begin analyzing its structure. Working with a speaker of a language not previously studied by class participants, students develop a description of key aspects of its grammar and examine methodologies for obtaining, storing, and manipulating data.
2-4 units, Spr (Fox, J)

LINGUIST 180. From Languages to Information
(Same as CS 124.)
Automated processing of less structured information: human language text and speech, web pages, social networks, genome sequences, with goal of automatically extracting meaning and structure. Methods include: string algorithms, automata and transducers, hidden Markov models, graph algorithms, XML processing. Applications such as information retrieval, text classification, social network models, machine translation, genomic sequence alignment, word meaning extraction, and speech recognition.
3-4 units, Win (Jurafsky, D)

LINGUIST 183/283. Computational Theories of Syntax
(Graduate studente register for 283.)
Salient features of modern syntactic theories, including HPSG, LFG, and TAG, motivated by computational concerns. Impact of work within these frameworks on the design of algorithms in computational linguistics, and its influence in both linguistics and computer science. Topics include: notions of unification; unification algorithms and their relation to linguistic theory; agenda-driven chart processing for analysis and synthesis; the interface with morphology, the lexicon, and semantics; and applications, notably machine translation.
3-4 units, Win (Kay, M)

LINGUIST 185/284A. Writing Systems in a Digital World
Writing systems and their behaviors. Classification of scripts as alphabetic, syllabic, and ideographic; what features typically belong to each group. What can be considered an ideal script. Topics include: why Japanese writing is considered a complex system; the influence of Indian writing on other syllabic scripts; how writing systems extend their reach to new languages; linguistic insights by studying this process; the Unicode standard; and font technology. Recommended: basic phonetics.
2-3 units, Spr (Mansour, K)

LINGUIST 187/287. Grammar Engineering
(Graduate students register for 287.)
Hands-on techniques for implementation of linguistic grammars, drawing on grammatical theory and engineering skills. The implementation of constraints in morphology, syntax, and semantics, working within a unificationbased lexicalist framework. Focus is on developing small grammars for English and at least one other language.
Prerequisite: basic syntactic theory or 120. No programming skills required.
1-4 units, Win (King, T; Kaplan, R)

LINGUIST 191/291. Linguistics and the Teaching of English as a Second/Foreign Language
(Graduate students register for 291.)
Methodology and techniques for teaching languages, using concepts from linguistics and second language acquisition theory and research. Focus is on teaching English, but most principles and techniques applicable to any language. Optional 1-unit seminar in computer-assisted language learning. GER:DB-SocSci
4-5 units, Win (Hubbard, P)

LINGUIST 197. Undergraduate Research Seminar
Research goals and methods in linguistics and related disciplines. Students work on a small project to define a focus for their linguistic studies and prepare for honors research. Presentations; final paper.
2 units, Win (Clark, E)

LINGUIST 198. Honors Research
1-15 units, Win (Staff), Spr (Staff)

LINGUIST 199. Independent Study
1-15 units, Aut (Staff), Win (Staff), Spr (Staff), Sum (Staff)

LINGUIST 200. Foundations of Linguistic Theory
Theories that have shaped contemporary linguistics; recurrent themes and descriptive practice.
4 units, Aut (Kiparsky, P)

LINGUIST 210A. Phonology
Introduction to phonological theory and analysis based on crosslinguistic evidence. Topics: phonological representations including features, syllables, metrical structure; phonological processes including assimilation and dissimilation; and phonological typology and universals; optimality theory.
4 units, Aut (Kiparsky, P)

LINGUIST 211. Metrics
Principles of versification from a linguistic point of view. Traditional and optimality-theoretic approaches. The canonical system of English metrics, and its varieties and offshoots. The typology of metrical systems and its linguistic basis. The ideology of normative prosodic discourse in relation to changing poetic practice.
1-4 units, Win (Kiparsky, P)

LINGUIST 221A. Foundations of English Grammar
A systematic introduction to the formal analysis of English grammar using the framework of head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG). Topics: feature structure modeling, lexical and phrasal organization in terms of type hierarchies and constraint inheritance, clausal types, patterns of complementation, the auxiliary system, extraction dependencies, wh-constructions, and the syntax-semantics interface.
1-4 units, Spr (Sag, I)

LINGUIST 222A. Empirical Foundations of Syntactic Theory I
Core phenomena of modern syntactic theories from a critical perspective: the role of the verb and lexicon in the determination of sentence syntax. The argument/adjunct distinction, subcategorization and argument structure, motivation for a lexicalist approach, principles governing argument expression, operations on argument structure and grammatical function changing rules, unbounded dependencies, and the approach to unbounded dependencies rooted in principles of lexical expression and subcategorization satisfaction. Readings from classic papers and crosslinguistic perspectives.
2-4 units, Aut (Bresnan, J)

LINGUIST 222B. Foundations of Syntactic Theory II
The nature of unbounded dependency constructions and their treatment in modern grammatical theories. Filler-gap dependencies, island constraints, and the relation between grammar and processing. Prerequisite: 222A.
2-4 units, Win (Sag, I)

LINGUIST 223. Introduction to Minimalist Syntax
Focus is on phrase structure, movement, functional categories, features, the nature of economy conditions, and parametric differences. More general issues of the architecture of the grammar and the nature of crosslinguistic variation.
2-4 units, Win (Pereltsvaig, A)

LINGUIST 226. Binding
Comparison of three analyses of binding relations: index analysis, combinator analysis, and copy based analysis. Topics include syntactic binding theory, syntax-semantics interface, scope and binding, reciprocity, ellipsis, de re/de se, agreement, and focus.
1-4 units, Spr (Sauerland, U)

LINGUIST 229A. Laboratory Syntax I
Critiques of the empirical foundations of syntax. The roles of introspective, usage-based, experimental, and typological evidence. Modern methods of data collection and analysis used in syntax. Hands-on, practical work with data sets. May be repeated for credit.
1-4 units, Win (Bresnan, J)

LINGUIST 230A. Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics
Meaning in natural language. Topics: elementary set theory; propositional logic, predicate logic, and lambda calculus, and their relation to semantic analysis; model theoretic characterizations of meaning and semantic properties of English conjunctions and determiners. Grice's theory of implicature, speech acts, Davidson's theories of logical form, and Montague grammar. Recommended: elementary logic and set theory.
2-4 units, Win (Peters, S)

LINGUIST 232B. Seminar in Lexical Semantics
Space and motion in language. May be repeated for credit.
1-4 units, Spr (Clark, E)

LINGUIST 235. Semantic Fieldwork
Techniques for evidence from less well-studied languages within formal semantic theory. Semantic phenomena, and techniques for investigating them, including scope, quantifiers, pronouns, focus, tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and information structure. Practical work on a language.
2-4 units, Win (Sauerland, U)

LINGUIST 237. Seminar in Semantics: Semantics of Questions and Commands
Semantics of interrogatives and imperatives; propositional semantics of declaratives. Research emphasizing the meaning of questions. May be repeated for credit.
1-4 units, Win (Peters, S)

LINGUIST 241. Language Acquisition II
Constructions and the lexicon. May be repeated for credit.
1-4 units, Win (Clark, E)

LINGUIST 251. Sociolinguistic Field Methods
Strengths and weaknesses of the principal methods of data collection in sociolinguistics.
4 units, Aut (Rickford, J)

LINGUIST 255. Seminar in Sociolinguistics: Variation and Spoken Style
The nature of spoken style. New kinds of variables that play a role in style, the structure of style, and the role of style in the construction of meaning in variation. Project-based. May be repeated for credit.
3-5 units, Win (Eckert, P)

LINGUIST 260A. Historical Morphology and Phonology
Sound change and analogical change in the perspective of linguistic theory. Internal and comparative reconstruction.
4 units, Spr (Kiparsky, P)

LINGUIST 277. Laboratory Methods in Psycholinguistics
Issues that commonly arise in the design and implementation of linguistic experiments and in the statistical analysis of empirical results. Topics in experimental design include selection of stimuli, blocking, and power analysis and sample size calculation. How to fit and interpret statistical models using the multilevel regression and Bayesian inference, as implemented in software packages R and Bugs. Topics include interpretation of model coefficients for fixed and random effects, collinearity, model criticism, as well as comparison and reporting of models. Theoretical issues worked out at lab sessions using examples from experiments and corpus studies, including those provided by students.
2-4 units, Spr (Kuperman, V)

LINGUIST 278. Programming for Linguists
Computer programming techniques for collecting and analyzing data in linguistic research. Introduction to the UNIX environment, Perl programming, and other scripting tools. How to gather, format, and manipulate corpus, field, and experimental data; combine data from multiple sources; and create web surveys. Lab. Knowledge of computer programming not required.
2-4 units, Aut (Coppock, E)

LINGUIST 280. Natural Language Processing
(Same as CS 224N.)
Methods for processing human language information and the underlying computational properties of natural languages. Syntactic and semantic processing from linguistic and algorithmic perspectives. Focus is on modern quantitative techniques in NLP: using large corpora, statistical models for acquisition, translation, and interpretation; and representative systems.
Prerequisites: CS 121/221 or CS124/LINGUIST 180, CS103, CS109.
3-4 units, Spr (Manning, C)

LINGUIST 281. Speech Recognition and Synthesis
(Same as CS 224S.)
Automatic speech recognition, speech synthesis, and dialogue systems. Focus is on key algorithms including noisy channel model, hidden Markov models (HMMs), Viterbi decoding, N-gram language modeling, unit selection synthesis, and roles of linguistic knowledge.
Prerequisite: programming experience. Recommended: CS 221 or 229.
2-4 units, Win (Jurafsky, D)

LINGUIST 286. Information Retrieval and Web Search
(Same as CS 276.)
Text information retrieval systems; efficient text indexing; Boolean, vector space, and probabilistic retrieval models; ranking and rank aggregation; evaluating IR systems. Text clustering and classification: classification algorithms, latent semantic indexing, taxonomy induction; Web search engines including crawling and indexing, link-based algorithms, and web metadata.
Prerequisites: CS 107, CS 109, CS 161.
3 units, Aut (Manning, C; Raghavan, P)

LINGUIST 294. Linguistic Research Discussion Group
Restricted to first-year Linguistics Ph.D. students.
1 unit, Aut (Wasow, T)

LINGUIST 390. M.A. Project
1-3 units, Aut (Staff), Win (Staff), Spr (Staff), Sum (Staff)

LINGUIST 394. TA Training Workshop
For second-year graduate students in Linguistics
1 unit, Aut (Rickford, J)

LINGUIST 395A. Research Workshop I
Restricted to students in the doctoral program. Student presentations of research toward qualifying papers.
1-2 units, Spr (Rickford, J)

LINGUIST 395B. Research Workshop II
Restricted to students in the doctoral program. Student presentations of research toward qualifying papers.
1-2 units, Spr (Wasow, T)

LINGUIST 395C. Research Workshop III
Restricted to students in the doctoral program. Student presentations of research toward qualifying papers.
1-2 units, Sum (Staff)

LINGUIST 396. Research Projects in Linguistics
Mentored research project for first-year graduate students in linguistics.
2-3 units, Win (Staff)

LINGUIST 397. Directed Reading
1-15 units, Aut (Staff), Win (Staff), Spr (Staff), Sum (Staff)

LINGUIST 398. Directed Research
1-15 units, Aut (Staff), Win (Staff), Spr (Staff), Sum (Staff)

LINGUIST 399. Dissertation Research
1-15 units, Aut (Staff), Win (Staff), Spr (Staff), Sum (Staff)